Introduction
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogical approach that emphasizes active learning through the resolution of real-world problems. It shifts the traditional paradigm from teacher-led instruction to collaborative inquiry, fostering critical thinking, self-directed learning, and teamwork. Within this framework, two elements learning contracts and constructive feedback play pivotal roles in ensuring effective group dynamics and individual accountability. This essay explores the theoretical foundations of PBL, examines learning and group processes, analyzes tutor styles, evaluates pedagogical tools, and reflects on ethical dilemmas, while highlighting the importance of contracts and feedback in sustaining motivation and engagement (Chen, 2022; Marra et al., 2014).
Theoretical Foundations of PBL and the Role of a Group Contract:
PBL is primarily grounded in social constructivism (Vygotsky, 1978) and experiential learning (Kolb, 1984), which emphasize learning as a social process in which students construct new knowledge through interaction, questioning, and problem-solving. Learning occurs through active engagement and reflection, often mediated by peers and facilitated by a tutor rather than through direct instruction. In this context, PBL groups must function collaboratively, sharing responsibility for both the process and outcomes of learning.
To support this collaboration, PBL groups commonly develop a group contract at the beginning of the course. A contract is a mutually agreed set of expectations regarding communication norms, task distribution, confidentiality, and respect. The purpose of the contract is twofold:
• To ensure clarity and common understanding about responsibilities and,
• To provide a reference framework in case behavioral or procedural challenges arise later in the group process (Kassab et al., 2006).
The act of constructing a contract also aligns with self-regulated learning theory, where students take ownership of their learning goals and behavioral standards. By negotiating rules together, students practice autonomy, accountability, and shared decision making, key skills intended to be fostered through PBL. Knowledge is co-constructed through dialogue and collaboration, with learners actively engaging with problems, negotiating meaning, and building shared understanding (Marra et al., 2014).Learning contracts can mitigate issues such as unclear expectations and uneven participation by establishing clear standards for involvement, deadlines, and quality. They serve as a psychological contract, promoting accountability and reducing ambiguity. Constructive feedback complements this by enabling continuous improvement; students and tutors provide timely, specific, and actionable comments that enhance both individual and group performance (Belland et al., 2013).
Constructive Feedback and the Tutor’s Role in Supporting Learning:
Constructive feedback is a critical component of PBL because it helps students monitor their progress, develop metacognitive skills, and continually improve group functioning. Drawing from formative assessment theory (Black & Wiliam, 2009), effective feedback should be timely, specific, respectful, and actionable. It should highlight what is going well, identify areas for improvement, and provide guidance on how to adjust strategies or behaviors (Pangastuti D et al., 2022)
In PBL, feedback occurs within three interconnected levels:
• Peer-to-peer feedback – essential for maintaining collaboration and ensuring mutual accountability.
• Self -reflection – learners evaluate their own contributions and communication patterns.
• Tutor-facilitated feedback – focused on group processes, problem-solving strategies, and learning engagement rather than simply providing correct answers.
The tutor acts as a facilitator, modeling questioning, guiding communication, promoting participation, and supporting constructive peer feedback. They may use the contract to manage conflicts respectfully, fostering a growth-oriented culture where mistakes become learning opportunities (Kassab et al., 2006; Chen, 2022)
Several tools can enhance engagement in PBL:
• Learning contracts: Formal agreements outlining roles, responsibilities, and timelines. They empower students to take ownership and clarify expectations.
• Constructive feedback mechanisms: Peer and tutor feedback loops, rubrics, and reflective journals encourage metacognition and continuous improvement.
• Role rotation: Assigning roles (e.g., facilitator, recorder, skeptic) ensures equitable participation and develops diverse skills.
Ethical Considerations in Group Contracting and Feedback:
The collaborative nature of PBL introduces ethical dilemmas. Feedback that is too direct or insensitive may harm a prevent a group from functioning effectively. The challenge lies in maintaining a balance student’s confidence or sense of belonging. Conversely, withholding honest critique may between compassion and accountability (Kurtz & Starbird, 2016). Confidentiality clauses protect sensitive discussions, while tutors must address power imbalances and ensure fairness, empathy, and student well-being.
Critical Reflection on Contracts and Feedback in PBL:
While contracts and feedback systems are highly beneficial, their success depends on genuine engagement from students. If the contract is created hastily or perceived as an administrative formality, students may ignore its principles. Likewise, feedback that feels forced or judgmental can lead to defensiveness rather than improvement.
PBL educators/Tutors should ensure that:
• Contracts are co-created, revisited regularly, and used as active reference tools.
• Feedback processes are embedded as routine and safe components of learning.
When implemented effectively, contracts and constructive feedback transform PBL groups into reflective communities of practice where all members participate meaningfully and learn from one another (Belland et al., 2013; Marra et al., 2014).
Reflecting on PBL as a Pedagogical Method:
PBL offers numerous benefits: it promotes active learning, critical thinking, and professional skills such as teamwork and communication. Students learn to navigate ambiguity, manage projects, and apply knowledge in authentic contexts. However, challenges persist, time-intensive preparation, assessment complexities, and variability in tutor competence can hinder implementation. Group dynamics may also lead to social loafing or conflict, necessitating robust facilitation and clear contracts (Chen, 2022).
Constructive feedback addresses these limitations by providing formative insights that guide improvement. When feedback is timely, specific, and respectful, it enhances motivation and learning outcomes. Conversely, poorly delivered feedback can demoralize students and exacerbate group tensions.
Conclusion
Contracts and constructive feedback are integral to the success of PBL. Contracts establish clarity and accountability, while feedback drives continuous improvement and fosters a supportive learning environment. Together, they enhance motivation, regulate group processes, and uphold ethical standards. Embedding these elements within the PBL framework ensures it remains a powerful tool for developing competent, reflective, and ethically responsible professionals. Tutors and students must approach these practices as ongoing commitments grounded in shared responsibility for the success of the group (Chen, 2022; Marra et al., 2014; Kassab et al., 2006; Belland et al., 2013; Kurtz & Starbird, 2016).
References
Belland, B. R., et al. (2013). A framework for designing scaffolds that improve motivation and cognition. Educational Psychologist, 48(4), 243–270.
Chen, J. (2022). Theoretical Foundations of Problem-Based Learning.
Kurtz, M. J., & Starbird, L. E. (2016). Interprofessional clinical ethics education: The promise of cross-disciplinary PBL. Journal of Clinical Ethics, 27(1), 38–45.
Pangastuti D, Widiasih N, Soemantri D. Piloting a constructive feedback model for problem-based learning in medical education. Korean J Med Educ. 2022 Jun;34(2):131-143.
Kassab, S., et al. (2006). Teaching styles of tutors in a problem-based curriculum. Medical Teacher, 28(3), 271–275.
Marra, R., Jonassen, D., Palmer, B., & Luft, S. (2014). Why problem-based learning works: Theoretical foundations. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 8(2), 9–21.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development.
